Different types of Neurodevelopmental disorders

 

Different types of Neurodevelopmental disorders

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) are categories of psychiatric diseases that affect brain health as well as the brain works, impairing social, cognitive, and emotional functioning. The two most prevalent NDs are attention-deficit/hyperactivity neurological condition (ADHD) & autism spectrum disorder (ASD).1 Many other NDs are less well-known or have received less research. These deficits must affect social skills and restrict functioning in society. According to DSM-5, There are diverse kinds of NDs; listed below are some of the most common ones: 

1. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

2. Intellectual disabilities

3. Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD)

4. Motor & tics disorders

5. Specific learning disorders (SLP)

6. Global developmental delay disorder (GDD)

7. Communication disorders (CD)

8. Cerebral palsy (CP)

9. Stereotypic movement disorder  ( SMD)

Structure of brain disorders

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD):

A neural and developmental disability known as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has an impact on how people connect with others, communicate, learn, and conduct.

 Autism is classified as a “neurodevelopmental disorder” because symptoms typically appear in the first two years of life, notwithstanding the fact it can be afflicted at any age. Autism results from a combination of genetic and nongenetic, or environmental, influences. These factors seem to raise a child’s danger of experiencing autism.

 Autism spectrum diseases are distinguished by persistent deficiencies in impairments in social interaction all over a variety of spheres of life, but rather by confined and rhythmic behavioral patterns. 

According to the Classification, autistic spectrum behavior problems must appear during early development and must significantly impede vital life aspects like social and occupational functioning. (ASD) is brought on by variations in the brain.

 Some ASD sufferers have a recognized distinction, like a genetic disorder. Other factors are still unknown. The individual with autism spectrum disorder, people who are high functioning, have difficulty with social interaction and communication. Scientists believe that there are multiple causes of ASD that act together to change the most typical ways people develop. 

They could have a hard time making friends because they don’t naturally interpret social cues. A social scenario can cause them so much stress that they withdraw. They don’t engage in much small talk or eye contact.

Intellectual disabilities:

When a person exhibits specific limits in cognitive functioning and capabilities, such as communication, social, and self-care abilities, it is said that they have an intellectual disability (or ID). 

Intellectual disability is not a disease and cannot be cured, but early diagnosis and ongoing interventions can improve adaptive functioning throughout a person’s childhood and into adulthood. 

These limitations can lead a kid to grow and learn extra slowly or radically different than a child who is playing a vital role. Some individuals with intellectual impairment may also develop depression, but the two conditions are quite different.

 Children with intellectual disabilities can learn to do a variety of activities with consistent assistance and interventions. Mental impairment is diagnosed before the age of 18. Intellectual disability is a lifelong condition. 

The majority of children with intellectual disabilities are very intelligent and can grow up to be adults living partially or even fully free lives. However, continued and early identification can improve functioning and allow the person to thrive for the rest of their life.

Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is characterized by a persistent pattern of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and/or alertness that impairs functioning and occurs in two or more settings such as home, work, school, and social settings. The DSM-5 states that several of the symptoms must have been present before the age of 12 and that these symptoms must have an adverse impact on social, occupational, or academic functioning. 

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)is a disorder that affects people’s behavior. People with ADHD can appear restless, have trouble concentrating and act on impulses. They may also have trouble concentrating on certain tasks, exhibit high levels of inattention, or think or view ADHD as a disability affecting work, there is no question that the Federal Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA ) covers individuals with ADHD.

Motor & tics disorder:

Quick, uncontrollable movements or vocal outbursts are symptoms of chronic motor or vocal tic disorder (but not both). The numerous intricate and linked processes of the body and mind are managed by the nervous system. They may be brought on by alterations in the regions of the brain that manage movement.

 There may be a hereditary component in many cases, and they can run in families. Additionally, they are frequently present in conjunction with other conditions, such as: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

. These symptoms can be delayed for a brief period of time in those with the illness. However, when people perform these actions, they feel relief. They frequently explain the tics as being a reaction to an impulse inside.

 Some claim they get strange sensations in the tic’s location before it happens. Throughout all phases of sleep, tics can persist. Excitation, fatigue, heat, or stress can all make them worse. When tics have been present almost constantly for more than a year, a person is diagnosed with the disorder.

Specific learning disorders (SLP): 

Specific learning disorders are neurodevelopmental disorders that are typically diagnosed in children in early school age, although they may not be recognized until adulthood. They are characterized by persistent impairment in at least one of three main areas: reading, writing and/or mathematics. 

The Education Act covers 13 types of disabilities, including a category known as Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD).Children who have SLD have challenges in certain academic skills. Reading, writing and arithmetic are the most important. Learning disabilities are not contagious, but they can be genetic.

 That is, they can be passed down families through genes, like many other traits we inherit from our parents and grandparents. Someone with a learning problem is also likely to have other family members who have had learning problems.

Communication disorders ( CD) :

A communication disorder is an impairment in the ability to receive, transmit, process, and understand concepts or verbal, nonverbal, and graphic symbol systems. A communication disorder can manifest itself in the processes of hearing, speech and/or speaking.

 A communication disorder can range in severity from mild to severe. Communication disorders are those that affect the ability to use, understand, or recognize speech and language. The DSM-5 identifies four different subtypes of communication disorders: language disorder, speech disorder, childhood speech disorder (stuttering) and social disorder.

Global developmental delay disorder:

The term developmental delay or global developmental delayis used when a child takes longer to reach certain developmental milestones than other children their age. This can include learning to walk or talk, movement skills, learning new things, and interacting socially and emotionally with others. Delays in motor skills (including crawling and walking) Difficulty with fine motor skills. Speech and communication delays. Difficulty understanding the communication. Children under the age of five who have developmental problems are diagnosed with global developmental delay. 

The cognitive, social, speech, language, and motor skills are all affected by these delays. When a youngster is too young to undergo a standardized IQ test, it is typically regarded a transitory diagnosis. Children may be identified as having an intellectual handicap once they reach the age where they can take a standardized intelligence test.

 Anomalies with the structure or development of the brain or spinal cord, as well as chromosomal and/or genetic abnormalities, are the most frequent reasons of global developmental delay. Premature delivery or diseases like congenital rubella or meningitis can also be contributing factors .It is a generic phrase used to describe any delay in a child’s development between birth and the age of 18.

 These delays must have lasted at least six months, and they are frequently accompanied by poor communication skills. About 1% to 3% of the population is thought to be affected by GDD.

Stereotypic movement disorder : 

A person with stereotypical movement disorder performs automatic, repetitive movements. They may consist of head banging, body rocking, or hand motions. The movements disrupt daily life or could be harmful to one’s health. 

The doctor may conduct a variety of procedures, including blood testing and neuroimaging investigations, to rule out medical illnesses or pharmaceutical side effects as the source of the symptoms, despite the fact that there are no lab tests that can explicitly diagnose stereotypic movement disorder.

 Frontal and temporal stereotypies, also known as stereotypic movement disorder, are rhythmic, repeated, fixed, predictable, purposeful motions that occur in children whose overall development is typical. Usually, after a few hours, drug-related stereotypical motions disappear on their own. 

The duration of stereotypical movement behavior can extend with repeated stimulant use. Once the medicine is discontinued, the motions often stop. Having a head injury may result in stereotyped motions for life.

Cerebral palsy (CP): 

The most typical motor impairment in children is cerebral palsy. Cerebral refers to issues involving the brain. The term “paralysis” refers to muscle weakening or dysfunction. Typically, a defect impacting a baby’s brain development while it develops in the womb results in cerebral palsy. These include: White matter damage to the brain, possibly as a result of decreased blood or oxygen flow. Periventricular leukomalacia is the medical term for this (PVL). 

The typical lifespan of a kid born with cerebral palsy ranges from 30 to 70 years. Those who live the longest tend to be more mobile, have better medical care, and are adaptive. People that live the longest often have better mobility, greater flexible medical equipment, and higher levels of autonomy and independence.

Cerebral palsy cannot be cured at this time, however there are treatments that can assist affected individuals live as active and independent a life as possible. A group of medical experts who work with you to develop a care plan provide care for both children and adults with this condition.

All are types of neurodevelopmental disorder's that can be cured permanently but some strategies for those who can survive with this types of disorders.